Sublimation

Sublimation is the process of transition of a substance from solid phase directly to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase. In space and astronautical engineering, sublimation is an important phenomenon that occurs in various applications such as thermal control systems, propulsion systems, and life support systems. For example, in thermal control systems, sublimation is used to remove excess heat from spacecraft by sublimating a solid material, such as dry ice or ammonia, into a gas. In propulsion systems, sublimation is used to generate thrust by heating a solid propellant, such as ammonium perchlorate composite propellant, to cause it to sublimate and produce a gas that is expelled out of a nozzle. In life support systems, sublimation is used to purify water by sublimating ice and removing impurities. Sublimation is also an important process in the study of comets, where the sublimation of ice and other volatile compounds produces the coma and tail of the comet.
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