Coronal Mass Ejections
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun's corona into interplanetary space. These events can release up to 10^16 grams of matter and carry magnetic fields up to several thousand Gauss. CMEs can cause geomagnetic storms when they interact with the Earth's magnetosphere, potentially disrupting power grids, communication systems, and satellite operations. They can also pose a radiation hazard to astronauts and spacecraft. CMEs are studied using a variety of instruments, including coronagraphs, which block out the bright solar disk to reveal the fainter corona, and in-situ measurements made by spacecraft in the vicinity of the Earth and other planets.
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