Thermal Noise

Thermal noise, also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise, is the random fluctuation of electric current that arises from the thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor. In space and astronautical engineering, thermal noise is a critical factor in the design and operation of electronic systems, particularly those that operate at low power levels or high frequencies. The amount of thermal noise present in a system is proportional to the temperature of the conductor and the bandwidth of the system. Engineers must carefully consider the effects of thermal noise on the performance of their systems, and may employ various techniques to mitigate its impact, such as filtering, shielding, and cooling.
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